separation of a mixture of proteins by intrinsic charges in the first dimension and by relative molecular masses 
in the second dimension. The characteristic 2-DE migration pattern of each individual protein offers a powerful tool for protein separation and identification. Developments in technology and instrumentation have made mass spectrometry the method of choice for the identification of gel-separated proteins using rapidly growing sequence databases. Proteins with a full-length sequence present in a database can be identified with high certainty and high throughput by using the accurate masses obtained by MALDI/TOF MS peptide mapping. Therefore, 2DE combined with MALDI/TOF MS has become a useful approach for proteomics studies. From the present study, we used ELISA to validate the findings in the 2-DE combined with MALDI/TOF MS in enlarging samples. Several proteins that may be the surrogate biomarkers of disease processes as candidate proteins were validated. The results confirmed that the mean plasma level of these candidate proteins in VHD patients was significantly altered compared with normal controls. Carbonic anhydrase 1 is the first member of carbonic anhydrases family. CAs are zinc metalloenzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration-dehydration of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate. At least 11 members of the CA family identified at present, with CA2 being the most abundant and most efficient Acacetin price enzyme. CAs appear to have a role in diverse physiological and biological processes including calcification, acid-base balance, ion transport, and bone absorption. In vitro assays demonstrated that carbonic anhydrase 1 not only enhances the hydration reaction but also promotes the formation of CaCO3. Calcium salt precipitation is an important step in tissue calcification. Thus, the increased carbonic anhydrase 1 expression may lead to improper mineralization by accelerating calcium salt deposition. Moreover, valvular calcification is one of the common and key pathological changes in DVD. In the present study, we found that carbonic anhydrase 1 was upregulation in the plasma of DVD patients by using two different methods of 2-DE-MALDI/TOF MS and 15325591 ELISA. Obviously, the up-regulation of carbonic anhydrase 1 might lead to valve calcification by accelerating calcium salt deposition. Complement C4-A is one isotype of Complement C4. Complement C4 is an essential component of the effector arm of the humoral immune response. It plays a central role in the activation of the classical pathway of the complement system. Complement C4 positions at the pivotal point by which the activation of the classical pathway and the lectin pathway is accomplished. Downstream of C4 activation includes the activation of C3 and C5, the generation of the anaphylatoxins, the initiation of the lytic pathway, the opsonization and immune clearance processes, and the communication with other branches of the immune system to achieve immune tolerance and to potentiate the humoral immune response. C4 is the most polymorphic component of the complement system. While examining the strength of the host defense or the susceptibility of an individual to microbial infections, it is desirable to include Proteomics in Valvular Heart Disease 7 Proteomics in Valvular Heart Disease the status of C4A and C4B into consideration. RVD 20573509 is also the result of valvular damage caused by an abnormal immune response to group A streptococcal infection. Moreover, many investigators have examined th
