previously. The chemoattractants were loaded into the lower chamber containing 600 ml of serum-free DMEM. MEF, DU145 or MDA-MB-231 cells in 200 ml of PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19718019 serum-free DMEM were then added atop polyethylene terephthalate membrane inserts in the upper chambers of the transwell apparatus. After incubation for 3 h or 16 h at 37uC in a 5% CO2 incubator, cells on the top of the insert were removed by wiping with a cotton swab. Migrating cells on the inserts were PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19717433 fixed and stained using Diff-Quik Stain Set, and analyzed by phase-contrast microscopy by counting at least five visual fields containing at least 10 cells/field, and variations were calculated as standard error. Relative chemotaxis is defined as the mean level for each control condition set at a value = 1. Agarose spot assay. Chemotaxis to attractants in agarose spots was performed as described by Wiggins and Rappoport. Briefly, a sterile 0.5% low-melting point agarose in PBS solution was boiled, cooled to 40 uC, and 90 ml was added to 10 ml of chemoattractant ). 10 ml spots were placed on sterile 22 mm2 coverslips in 6-well dishes and allowed to solidify at 4uC. Cells were then plated onto these coverslips, allowed to adhere for 34 h, whereupon the media was replaced with DMEM/0.5% FBS. Control agarose spots contained PBS alone. Directional motility. During chemotaxis in the agarose-spot system, cell movements toward agarose spot containing EGF/ PDGF were monitored by phase contrast microscopy using a 40x objective lens. Images were collected every 20 min for 16 h, and velocity and directionality were determined by tracking the positions of at least 20 individual cells/condition. Velocity was calculated by measuring displacement from start to 4 Chemotaxis Suppression by SSeCKS/AKAP12 5 Chemotaxis Suppression by SSeCKS/AKAP12 end point and dividing by migration time. Chemotactic motility was evaluated statistically using a forward migration index, as the linear distance from starting to ending point a cell moved if it had moved directly towards the chemoattractant gradient, divided by “b”, the direct vector from the cell’s start to end. Wound Varlitinib web scratching assay Cell motility by MEF into a monolayer wound was performed as described previously in triplicate over a total of 24 h. Immunofluorescence analysis MEF cells grown on the glass coverslips were washed with phosphate-buffered saline and fixed for 15 minutes in 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS, pH 7.5, at room temperature followed by permeabilization with 0.05% Triton X-100 in PBS for 10 minutes. For PIP2 and PIP3 staining, cells were permeabilized with digitonin for 10 min at RT. Following three washes with PBS, cells were blocked with PBS containing 3% BSA or 5% FBS for 1 h, and then incubated in primary Abs for either 12 h at RT or overnight at 4uC. Where indicated, cells were fixed with ice-cold 60% acetone, 3.7% paraformaldehyde in PBS for 20 minutes at 220uC. In order to assess Rac1-GTP and Cdc42-GTP staining, fixed cells were preincubated with 3% BSA for 1 h at RT and incubated overnight at 4uC with 50 mg GST-PAK-PBD or His-WASP-CBD. Following three PBS washes, the cells 
were Chemotaxis Suppression by SSeCKS/AKAP12 incubated overnight at 4uC with either mAb anti-GST or mAb anti-His and washed three times with PBS. Incubation with secondary Abs for 1 h at RT included either goat anti-mouse IgG conjugated to Alexa Fluor 568 or Alexa Fluor 488, or goat anti-rabbit IgG conjugated to Alexa Fluor 568 or Alexa Fluor 488. F-actin filaments were
