Onstrate that although ELK1 and GABPA ultimately control the same biological process, they do so by regulating largely distinct transcriptional programmes.Results GABPA controls cell migrationWe previously demonstrated that depletion of the ETS transcription factor ELK1 in breast epithelial MCF10A cells leads to changes in the actin cytoskeleton, and in particular a loss of membrane protrusions and an accumulation of sub-cortical actin (Fig. 1A) [7]. This previous study indicated that this effect was largely 1676428 driven by genes 80-49-9 chemical information uniquely targeted by ELK1, independently from another ETS protein GABPA. Nevertheless, in a control experiment, we wanted to check whether GABPA might also have a role in the correct formation of the actin cytoskeleton in MCF10A cells, and so we depleted GABPA (Fig. 1B and C) and visualised the actin cytoskeleton by phalloidin staining (Fig. 1A). To our surprise, cells depleted of GABPA accumulated subcortical actin and often became enlarged. Moreover, while control siGAPDH-treated cells often exhibited membrane protrusions in response to EGF stimulation, as is characteristic of migratory cells, cells depleted of GABPA displayed fewer such protrusions (Fig. 1A and D). Given this latter observation, we also tested whether GABPA-depleted cells showed migratory defects. Wound healing assays demonstrated that GABPA-depleted MCF10A cells failed to 25837696 properly respond to EGF treatment and wound closure was significantly delayed (Fig. 1E and F). This effect was specific as it could be reproduced with an alternative GABPA siRNA construct (Fig. S1). This result is suggestive of a migratory defect but could also be due at least buy 101043-37-2 partially to reduced proliferation. To more clearly demonstrate a defect in cell migration we used single cell tracking and, importantly, this also revealed defects in the migratory properties of MCF10A cells upon GABPA depletion (see Fig. 1G and H). Together, these results demonstrate that GABPA plays an important role in controlling correct cytoskeletal formation which potentially links to a role in regulating the migration of MCF10A cells.The GABPA-dependent gene regulatory networkThe observation that GABPA plays a role in controlling cell migration was unexpected, as we previously showed that ELK1 controls this process in MCF10A cells, and it does this through a network of target genes in a manner that is independent of GABPA [7]. Therefore to provide an insight into how GABPA might be controlling cell migration, we depleted GABPA and used microarrays to examine the resultant changes in gene expression profiles in MCF10A cells. Overall, 1996 genes showed significant expression changes upon GABPA depletion, with most (58 ) showing upregulation (Fig. 2A; Table S1). To determine whether the gene expression changes are likely directly or indirectly caused by GABPA, we took advantage of a published ChIP-seq dataset for GABPA in Jurkat cells [12]. This analysis revealed a highly significant overlap between GABPA binding and GABPAdependent gene regulation, with a total of 693 (35 ) of the deregulated genes corresponding to direct targets for GABPA, despite the different cell types analysed (Fig. 2A; Table S1). These direct targets were equally 
distributed between up- and downregulated genes, suggesting that GABPA might have both activating and repressive properties and that the bias towards upregulationobserved for the whole transcriptome may be attributable to indirect effects. In contrast, little overlap wa.Onstrate that although ELK1 and GABPA ultimately control the same biological process, they do so by regulating largely distinct transcriptional programmes.Results GABPA controls cell migrationWe previously demonstrated that depletion of the ETS transcription factor ELK1 in breast epithelial MCF10A cells leads to changes in the actin cytoskeleton, and in particular a loss of membrane protrusions and an accumulation of sub-cortical actin (Fig. 1A) [7]. This previous study indicated that this effect was largely 1676428 driven by genes uniquely targeted by ELK1, independently from another ETS protein GABPA. Nevertheless, in a control experiment, we wanted to check whether GABPA might also have a role in the correct formation of the actin cytoskeleton in MCF10A cells, and so we depleted GABPA (Fig. 1B and C) and visualised the actin cytoskeleton by phalloidin staining (Fig. 1A). To our surprise, cells depleted of GABPA accumulated subcortical actin and often became enlarged. Moreover, while control siGAPDH-treated cells often exhibited membrane protrusions in response to EGF stimulation, as is characteristic of migratory cells, cells depleted of GABPA displayed fewer such protrusions (Fig. 1A and D). Given this latter observation, we also tested whether GABPA-depleted cells showed migratory defects. Wound healing assays demonstrated that GABPA-depleted MCF10A cells failed to 25837696 properly respond to EGF treatment and wound closure was significantly delayed (Fig. 1E and F). This effect was specific as it could be reproduced with an alternative GABPA siRNA construct (Fig. S1). This result is suggestive of a migratory defect but could also be due at least partially to reduced proliferation. To more clearly demonstrate a defect in cell migration we used single cell tracking and, importantly, this also revealed defects in the migratory properties of MCF10A cells upon GABPA depletion (see Fig. 1G and H). Together, these results demonstrate that GABPA plays an important role in controlling correct cytoskeletal formation which potentially links to a role in regulating the migration of MCF10A cells.The GABPA-dependent gene regulatory networkThe 
observation that GABPA plays a role in controlling cell migration was unexpected, as we previously showed that ELK1 controls this process in MCF10A cells, and it does this through a network of target genes in a manner that is independent of GABPA [7]. Therefore to provide an insight into how GABPA might be controlling cell migration, we depleted GABPA and used microarrays to examine the resultant changes in gene expression profiles in MCF10A cells. Overall, 1996 genes showed significant expression changes upon GABPA depletion, with most (58 ) showing upregulation (Fig. 2A; Table S1). To determine whether the gene expression changes are likely directly or indirectly caused by GABPA, we took advantage of a published ChIP-seq dataset for GABPA in Jurkat cells [12]. This analysis revealed a highly significant overlap between GABPA binding and GABPAdependent gene regulation, with a total of 693 (35 ) of the deregulated genes corresponding to direct targets for GABPA, despite the different cell types analysed (Fig. 2A; Table S1). These direct targets were equally distributed between up- and downregulated genes, suggesting that GABPA might have both activating and repressive properties and that the bias towards upregulationobserved for the whole transcriptome may be attributable to indirect effects. In contrast, little overlap wa.
