Oteins in the hippocampus that responded to PFOS exposure are identified to determine potential neurotoxicity of PFOS and its underlying mechanism.difference between the PFOS-exposed groups and the control group (Fig. 3D). Based on the analysis of glutamate level in the hippocampus, a significant increase was found in mice of 10.75 mg/kg PFOSexposed group compared with those of the control group (Fig. 3E, p,0.05). Although without significance, we also observed that GABA level of PFOS-exposed groups increased slightly compared with that of control group (Fig. 3F).Results Title Loaded From File Impairment of Spatial Learning and MemoryHippocampus-dependent spatial learning was tested using the hidden-platform version of the Morris water maze. During the spatial memory task in the water maze, the mice were subjected to 1 daily session for 3 days. On each day, the mice were subjected to 4 acquisition trials during which the hidden platform was located in a fixed position. The escape latency of the control group exhibited decline, while the latency did not significantly change in the groups exposed to 2.15 and 10.75 mg/kg PFOS on the second day. On the third day, the escape latency in the 2.15 mg/kg (56.75615.57, p,0.05) and 10.75 mg/kg (61.5612.11, p,0.001) of PFOS-treated groups was significantly decreasedcompared with the control group (32.5610.69) (Fig. 1A). Probe trials were performed with the platform removed, which showed the significantly decreased time course percentage spending in the target quadrant in both 2.15 and 10.75 mg/kg groups compared with the control group (for 2.15 mg/kg group, p,0.05; for 10.75 mg/kg group, p,0.01) (Fig. 1B). In both experiments, mice exhibiting poor swimming velocity, defined as less than 5 cm/s during more than half of the total swim time were excluded from the analysis. Furthermore, no significant difference was found between male and female mice.Identification of Proteins Differentially Expressed in the PFOS-exposed Mouse HippocampusSeven differentially expressed proteins were identified by MALDI-TOF MS analysis (Fig. 4, Fig. 5, and Table 1). Among which, Mib1 protein (an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase), Herc5 (hect domain and RLD 5 isoform 2) and Tyro3 (TYRO3 protein tyrosine kinase 3) were found down-regulated and Sdha (Succinate dehydrogenase flavoprotein subunit), Gzma (Isoform HF1 of Granzyme A precursor), Plau (Urokinase-type plasminogen activator precursor) and Lig4 (DNA ligase 4) were up-regulated after PFOS exposure (10.75 mg/kg group).Verification of the Differentially Expressed Hippocampal Proteins by Western BlottingTo further confirm the differentially expressed hippocampal proteins found in 2D-DIGE, we used western blotting analysis which showed the consistent results (Fig. 6), mainly including (i) Mib1, Herc5, and Tyro3protein were found down-regulated in three PFOS-treated groups. (ii) There was significantly increased expression of Gzma, Lig4, Sdha and Plau in 2.15 and 10.75 mg/ kg groups. The tubulin protein was used as the internal standard.DiscussionIn the current study, we have shown that exposure to PFOS leads to the impaired spatial learning and memory, increased glutamate in the hippocampus, slightly decreased DA and DOPAC in the Caudate Putamen of adult mice. Compared with the control group, significant apoptosis of hippocampal cells was found after PFOS exposure, accompanied with the obvious changes of apoptosis related proteins, including the up-regulation of Title Loaded From File caspase-3 and the down-regulation of.Oteins in the hippocampus that responded to PFOS exposure are identified to determine potential neurotoxicity of PFOS and its underlying mechanism.difference between the PFOS-exposed groups and the control group (Fig. 3D). Based on the analysis of glutamate level in the hippocampus, a significant increase was found in mice of 10.75 mg/kg PFOSexposed group compared with those of the control group (Fig. 3E, p,0.05). Although without significance, we also observed that GABA level of PFOS-exposed groups increased slightly compared with that of control group (Fig. 3F).Results Impairment of Spatial Learning and MemoryHippocampus-dependent spatial learning was tested using the hidden-platform version of the Morris water maze. During the spatial memory task in the water maze, the mice were subjected to 1 daily session for 3 days. On each day, the mice were subjected to 4 acquisition trials during which the hidden platform was located in a fixed position. The escape latency of the control group exhibited decline, while the latency did not significantly change in the groups exposed to 2.15 and 10.75 mg/kg PFOS on the second day. On the third day, the escape latency in the 2.15 mg/kg (56.75615.57, p,0.05) and 10.75 mg/kg (61.5612.11, p,0.001) of PFOS-treated groups was significantly decreasedcompared with the control group (32.5610.69) (Fig. 1A). Probe trials were performed with the platform removed, which showed the significantly decreased time course percentage spending in the target quadrant in both 2.15 and 10.75 mg/kg groups compared with the control group (for 2.15 mg/kg group, p,0.05; for 10.75 mg/kg group, p,0.01) (Fig. 1B). In both experiments, mice exhibiting poor swimming velocity, defined as less than 5 cm/s during more than half of the total swim time were excluded from the analysis. Furthermore, no significant difference was found between male and female mice.Identification of Proteins Differentially Expressed in the PFOS-exposed Mouse HippocampusSeven differentially expressed proteins were identified by MALDI-TOF MS analysis (Fig. 4, Fig. 5, and Table 1). Among which, Mib1 protein (an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase), Herc5 (hect domain and RLD 5 isoform 2) and Tyro3 (TYRO3 protein tyrosine kinase 3) were found down-regulated and Sdha (Succinate dehydrogenase flavoprotein subunit), Gzma (Isoform HF1 of Granzyme A precursor), Plau (Urokinase-type plasminogen activator precursor) and Lig4 (DNA ligase 4) were up-regulated after PFOS exposure (10.75 mg/kg group).Verification of the Differentially Expressed Hippocampal Proteins by Western BlottingTo further confirm the differentially expressed hippocampal proteins found in 2D-DIGE, we used western blotting analysis which showed the consistent results (Fig. 6), mainly including (i) Mib1, Herc5, and Tyro3protein were found down-regulated in three PFOS-treated groups. (ii) There was significantly increased expression of Gzma, Lig4, Sdha and Plau in 2.15 and 10.75 mg/ kg groups. The tubulin protein was used as the internal standard.DiscussionIn the current study, we have shown that exposure to PFOS leads to the impaired spatial learning and memory, increased glutamate in the hippocampus, slightly decreased DA and DOPAC in the Caudate Putamen of adult mice. Compared with the control group, significant apoptosis of hippocampal cells was found after PFOS exposure, accompanied with the obvious changes of apoptosis related proteins, including the up-regulation of caspase-3 and the down-regulation of.
