Ing to analysis FADS gene cluster AKT inhibitor 2 web polymorphisms with the plasma level of fatty acids in 510 healthy individuals and 505 CAD patients. And for the first time, the rs174460 is reported to be associated with CAD risk. Our study found that three desaturase activities (D9D, D5D and D6D) were associated with CAD in a Chinese Han population. The results showed that the fatty acid composition in plasma and the estimated desaturase activities were significantly different between controls and CAD patients. SCD activities, both D9D-16 and D9D-18, were significantly higher in patients with CAD than control subjects, and the main product, C16:0, was also increased. This result supports a previous report that high SCD activity is an independent I-BRD9 biological activity predictor of cardiovascular risk factors [6]. Studies by Sampat [16] and Lelliott [17] suggested that high SCD activity may be associated with increased lipogenesis and influence ectopic fat deposition and thereby insulin resistance via lipotoxic mechanisms. CAD patients had lower level of LA than the control group. This result may be in agreement with the report of Warensjo [6]: ?LA was a major influencing factor on arterial stiffness. Potentially, sufficient amounts of LA in the serum or diet could improve insulin sensitivity and reduce coronary heart disease risk or mortality [18,19]. Petersson et al. [20] also found that higher plasma LA was associated with lower inflammation and lower cardiovascular risk. AA as the direct precursor of strong inflammatory eicosanoids (such as PGs, LTs and lipoxins), is thought to be an important factor for the development of some complex diseases. In the present study, AA was significantly higher in CAD patients (p,0.01). As stated above, this increase may be one of the reasons for the formation of plaques in atherosclerosis. Therefore, D6D activity, presented as AA/LA, was also higher in CAD patients (p,0.001). Martinelli et al. [15] demonstrated that a higher AA/LA ratio was an independent risk factor for CAD in a multiple logistic regression model. This is consistent with our result of higher D6D activity. In addition, we observed high DHA level in controls, which is consistent with the established cardiovascular protective effect of increased n-3 PUFA exposure [21]. However the protect mechanisms of DHA is still not clear. We established genotyping methods of five SNPs in the FADS gene cluster by high-resolution melting and successfully used it in 1015 samples. The results showed that the genotype distributionsPlasma fatty acid levels, desaturase activity and SNPsAmong the five studied SNPs, rs174537 and rs174460 SNP distributions differed between the two groups. Thus, we further analyzed the effects of rs174537 SNP (Table 5) and rs174460 SNP (Table 6) on lipids and plasma fatty acid levels. There were significant differences among different genotype groups in lipids and fasting plasma glucose (FPG). All fatty acids differed amongTable 2. Characteristics of controls and CAD patients.Characteristics Male/Female ( ) Age(year)Controls (n = 510) CAD patients (n = 505) P 59.4/40.6 59.0969.47 23.563.3 126.6617.3 77.268.9 4.46(3.98, 4.89) 1.04(0.79, 1.36) 1.3(1.12, 1.51) 2.75(2.35, 3.05) 4.92(4.60, 5.32) 55.0/45.0 59.4569.69 25.963.1 129.7616.62 76.9610.1 4.05(3.32, 4.77) 1.3(0.97, 1.70) 1.14(0.95, 1.34) 2.42(1.81, 2.93) 5.84(5.22, 6.38) 0.160 0.496 ,0.001 ,0.001 0.091 ,0.001 ,0.001 ,0.001 ,0.001 ,0.BMI(kg/m2)1 Systolic(mmHg)1 Diastolic(mmHg)1 TC(mmol/l)2 TG(mmol/l)2 HDL-C(mm.Ing to analysis FADS gene cluster polymorphisms with the plasma level of fatty acids in 510 healthy individuals and 505 CAD patients. And for the first time, the rs174460 is reported to be associated with CAD risk. Our study found that three desaturase activities (D9D, D5D and D6D) were associated with CAD in a Chinese Han population. The results showed that the fatty acid composition in plasma and the estimated desaturase activities were significantly different between controls and CAD patients. SCD activities, both D9D-16 and D9D-18, were significantly higher in patients with CAD than control subjects, and the main product, C16:0, was also increased. This result supports a previous report that high SCD activity is an independent predictor of cardiovascular risk factors [6]. Studies by Sampat [16] and Lelliott [17] suggested that high SCD activity may be associated with increased lipogenesis and influence ectopic fat deposition and thereby insulin resistance via lipotoxic mechanisms. CAD patients had lower level of LA than the control group. This result may be in agreement with the report of Warensjo [6]: ?LA was a major influencing factor on arterial stiffness. Potentially, sufficient amounts of LA in the serum or diet could improve insulin sensitivity and reduce coronary heart disease risk or mortality [18,19]. Petersson et al. [20] also found that higher plasma LA was associated with lower inflammation and lower cardiovascular risk. AA as the direct precursor of strong inflammatory eicosanoids (such as PGs, LTs and lipoxins), is thought to be an important factor for the development of some complex diseases. In the present study, AA was significantly higher in CAD patients (p,0.01). As stated above, this increase may be one of the reasons for the formation of plaques in atherosclerosis. Therefore, D6D activity, presented as AA/LA, was also higher in CAD patients (p,0.001). Martinelli et al. [15] demonstrated that a higher AA/LA ratio was an independent risk factor for CAD in a multiple logistic regression model. This is consistent with our result of higher D6D activity. In addition, we observed high DHA level in controls, which is consistent with the established cardiovascular protective effect of increased n-3 PUFA exposure [21]. However the protect mechanisms of DHA is still not clear. We established genotyping methods of five SNPs in the FADS gene cluster by high-resolution melting and successfully used it in 1015 samples. The results showed that the genotype distributionsPlasma fatty acid levels, desaturase activity and SNPsAmong the five studied SNPs, rs174537 and rs174460 SNP distributions differed between the two groups. Thus, we further analyzed the effects of rs174537 SNP (Table 5) and rs174460 SNP (Table 6) on lipids and plasma fatty acid levels. There were significant differences among different genotype groups in lipids and fasting plasma glucose (FPG). All fatty acids differed amongTable 2. Characteristics of controls and CAD patients.Characteristics Male/Female ( ) Age(year)Controls (n = 510) CAD patients (n = 505) P 59.4/40.6 59.0969.47 23.563.3 126.6617.3 77.268.9 4.46(3.98, 4.89) 1.04(0.79, 1.36) 1.3(1.12, 1.51) 2.75(2.35, 3.05) 4.92(4.60, 5.32) 55.0/45.0 59.4569.69 25.963.1 129.7616.62 76.9610.1 4.05(3.32, 4.77) 1.3(0.97, 1.70) 1.14(0.95, 1.34) 2.42(1.81, 2.93) 5.84(5.22, 6.38) 0.160 0.496 ,0.001 ,0.001 0.091 ,0.001 ,0.001 ,0.001 ,0.001 ,0.BMI(kg/m2)1 Systolic(mmHg)1 Diastolic(mmHg)1 TC(mmol/l)2 TG(mmol/l)2 HDL-C(mm.
