Etic evaluation of this group is {highly|extremely|very|hugely
Etic evaluation of this group is hugely desirable since it may ultimately reveal genetic 22,23-Dihydrostigmasterol site differences between species which do vector nepoviruses and these which usually do not. Xiphinema americanum populations have been collected from 12 geographically disparate places across the U.S. representing different crops and presence/absence of nepoviruses. DNA was extracted from at least three individuals from each population. A portion in the 18S nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) was sequenced for all isolates, and mitochondrial genomes were sequenced for various isolates in parallel utilizing high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies. The internal transcribed spacer area 1 (ITS1) of rDNA was cloned and three clones per individual had been sequenced. Sequences were subjected to phylogenetic evaluation and compared. Analysis on the 18S rDNA revealed practically identical sequences across all populations PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20061416 (only 1 polymorphic web page). Conversely, analysis of the mtDNA sequence data indicated the presence of three separate and very divergent (up to ;20 pairwise divergence) lineages of X. americanum within the 12 populations; these lineages didn’t correlate with geographic location, host, or capacity to transmit virus. ITS1 sequence data suggested two main lineages which had been commonly geographically distinct with eastern (Ohio, Pennsylvania, North Carolina) and western (Washington, Colorado, Oregon) lineages of X. americanum; an exception was a population from New York that grouped with the western lineage. In addition, ITS clones revealed that most populations contained many paralogous sequences that failed to type clades with other sequences from the exact same population. The inherent heterogeneity in ITS1 sequence information inside a person and population and lack of informative websites in 18S rDNA analysis suggests that mitogenomics might be much more informative in sorting out the taxonomic confusion from the X. americanum-group. RESPONSE OF RED RASPBERRY (RUBUS IDAEUS) VARIETIES TO PRATYLENCHUS PENETRANS. Zasada, Inga A.1, and T.W. Walters2. 1USDA-ARS Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, 3420 NW Orchard Ave., Corvallis, OR 97330; and 2 Washington State University Northwest Study and Education Center, Mt. Vernon, WA 98273. Washington State would be the nation’s largest producer of red raspberries (Rubus idaeus) for processing. Pratylenchus penetrans is a main constraint to the business, shortening the productive lifetime of many plantings. To enhance the management of this plant-parasitic nematode, information around the effect of this nematode on the establishment and productivity of raspberry would be useful. A field trial was established to evaluate the response of eight red raspberry varieties (Anne, Caroline, Cascade Bounty, Chemainus, Heritage, Meeker, Saanich, and Willamette) also as R. niveus and R. leucodermis toMeeting Abstracts 501 P. penetrans. Rubus niveus and R. leucodermis selections were integrated within the experiment simply because they were identified as being resistant to P. penetrans in greenhouse evaluations. The experiment was a split plot design with fumigated (1,3-dichlropropene and chloropicrin) or non-fumigated major plots and plant genotype as subplots. Non-fumigated key plots had an typical of 124 P. penetrans/100 g soil at planting even though handful of nematodes had been detected in fumigated most important plots. Six months following planting a single plant was removed from every plot and shoot and root biomass determined also as number of P. penetrans/g root. Pratylenchus penetrans reduc.
