The less intense versions. It is not possible to identify any individual’s face from the final prototypes, therefore we did not require permission to publish these images. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0125256.gAdult prototypes were created in Psychomorph in the same way as the child face prototypes. 12 individuals’ faces were included in prototypes for each gender. Sad, angry, disgusted and fearful expressions were caricatured to create more intense expressions. For the happy and surprised expressions, caricaturing the prototype had not been necessary to make the expression high intensity. In order to standardise the number for images for each emotion used in this study, reduced intensity happy and surprised expressions were also included. These were created by decreasing the difference of the expression prototype from the ambiguous prototype to create a less intense expression. There were therefore a total of 72 prototypical facial expression images: two intensity levels (high and low) of 6 emotions (happy, sad, angry, fearful, surprised and disgusted) on 6 face types (aged 5? female, aged 5? male, aged 9?2 female, aged 9?2 male, adult female and adult male). All images were cropped to 350 ?457 pixels. See Fig 1 for examples.ProcedureTesting was carried out on iPad tablet computers and took place at a table in the corner of the exhibition space at the science centre. Up to three participants were tested simultaneously. Recruitment and testing was carried out by 2 researchers. At the start of each testing session parents were asked to consent to their own/their child’s participation in the study and to report the ages and sexes of the children and/or parents taking part. Participants were instructed that their task was to select the emotion label that went with the face that they saw, and that there would be the choice of 6 emotions: happy, sad, angry, surprised, scared and disgusted. The label “scared” was used instead of “fear” because it was noted that children were more familiar with this word during the photograph collection phase. If children said that they did not understand what a word meant, clarification was given (e.g., “When something tastes or smells horrible you might feel disgusted”). Participants were told that the faces would appear quickly and that if they did not know the answer they should have a guess. Parents were instructed not to assist their children; however, in some cases parents did give help. The experimenter made a note of when this happened and data from those participants were excluded. Each of the 72 images was presented once and the order of presentation was randomised. In each trial, participants saw a fixation cross appear in the centre of the screen for a variable time between 1,PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0125256 May 15,5 /No Own-Age Advantage in Children’s Recognition of Emotionand 2,500 ms, this variability was included to ensure participants did not get into a fixed response pattern. A face was then presented for 150 ms, CCX282-B site followed by a mask of visual noise for 250 ms. The 6 emotion labels then appeared in a circle on the screen. The labels CCX282-B custom synthesis stayed on the screen until the participant had responded by touching one of the labels, at which point the next trial started. The position of the emotion labels was randomly selected for each participant and stayed the same throughout the testing session. There was a counter in the corner of the screen that gave the number of trials left out of 72.Data anal.The less intense versions. It is not possible to identify any individual’s face from the final prototypes, therefore we did not require permission to publish these images. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0125256.gAdult prototypes were created in Psychomorph in the same way as the child face prototypes. 12 individuals’ faces were included in prototypes for each gender. Sad, angry, disgusted and fearful expressions were caricatured to create more intense expressions. For the happy and surprised expressions, caricaturing the prototype had not been necessary to make the expression high intensity. In order to standardise the number for images for each emotion used in this study, reduced intensity happy and surprised expressions were also included. These were created by decreasing the difference of the expression prototype from the ambiguous prototype to create a less intense expression. There were therefore a total of 72 prototypical facial expression images: two intensity levels (high and low) of 6 emotions (happy, sad, angry, fearful, surprised and disgusted) on 6 face types (aged 5? female, aged 5? male, aged 9?2 female, aged 9?2 male, adult female and adult male). All images were cropped to 350 ?457 pixels. See Fig 1 for examples.ProcedureTesting was carried out on iPad tablet computers and took place at a table in the corner of the exhibition space at the science centre. Up to three participants were tested simultaneously. Recruitment and testing was carried out by 2 researchers. At the start of each testing session parents were asked to consent to their own/their child’s participation in the study and to report the ages and sexes of the children and/or parents taking part. Participants were instructed that their task was to select the emotion label that went with the face that they saw, and that there would be the choice of 6 emotions: happy, sad, angry, surprised, scared and disgusted. The label “scared” was used instead of “fear” because it was noted that children were more familiar with this word during the photograph collection phase. If children said that they did not understand what a word meant, clarification was given (e.g., “When something tastes or smells horrible you might feel disgusted”). Participants were told that the faces would appear quickly and that if they did not know the answer they should have a guess. Parents were instructed not to assist their children; however, in some cases parents did give help. The experimenter made a note of when this happened and data from those participants were excluded. Each of the 72 images was presented once and the order of presentation was randomised. In each trial, participants saw a fixation cross appear in the centre of the screen for a variable time between 1,PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0125256 May 15,5 /No Own-Age Advantage in Children’s Recognition of Emotionand 2,500 ms, this variability was included to ensure participants did not get into a fixed response pattern. A face was then presented for 150 ms, followed by a mask of visual noise for 250 ms. The 6 emotion labels then appeared in a circle on the screen. The labels stayed on the screen until the participant had responded by touching one of the labels, at which point the next trial started. The position of the emotion labels was randomly selected for each participant and stayed the same throughout the testing session. There was a counter in the corner of the screen that gave the number of trials left out of 72.Data anal.
