Could possibly be particularly tenuous. Moreover, at least 1 study has found evidence for a partial- or incipient-GCD phenotype that seems distinct from the “strict GCD” described for the J and H lineages (Schwander and Keller 2008). This phenotype was described in a population of P. rugosus in Arizona, and they made use of somewhat diverse techniques than had been employed for detecting dependent lineage pairs and caste determination phenotypes in earlier research (e.g., Helms Cahan and Keller 2003; Anderson et al. 2006, 2011; Schwander et al. 2007a). Unfortunately, no phylogenetic or?2015 The Authors. Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley Sons Ltd.Phylogeography of Pogonomyrmex Harvester AntsB. M. Mott et al.gene flow information were offered for the colonies sampled, so it is actually unclear how this observation could relate to the broader J and H lineages or the presumed ECD lineages of P. rugosus. The results from Schwander and Keller (2008) illustrate two points: First, a definitive map of caste determination phenotypes will need far more detailed analyses, possibly across every single population within the species complicated. Second, our capacity to extrapolate from this plus the lots of other population-level studies is dependent upon incorporating each and every newly described population and phenotype into a phylogeographic framework, so we are able to create a extra cohesive image of those patterns of cryptic variation.Evidence to get a complicated phylogeographic historyOur phylogenetic and population genetic analyses recommend a complicated history that consists of ancient intraspecific vicariance, fragmentation, hybridization, and recent expansion or recolonization of lost habitats in both species. Based on the concordance in between our data and patterns of phylogeographic structure identified in studies of similarly distributed taxa, we hypothesize that the majority of the temporal and spatial complexity observed among these clades can be attributed to a combination of climate cycling within the Pleistocene and numerous significant physiographic transformations inside the early Pliocene and mid- to late Miocene. As predicted, our analyses revealed a recurring pattern of broad east est division among by far the most basal nodes of each and every species, corresponding to the four big north?south arid-land corridors of Mexico and also the southwestern U.S.A. (i.e., Baja Peninsula, Sonoran inaloan coastal province, Chihuahuan Desert/Mexican Altiplano, Gulf Coast/Tamaulipan Plain). A sizable quantity of phylogeographic research point to these four corridors as locations of endemism and early divergence within arid-adapted species complexes (the initial three corridors are reviewed in Riddle and Hafner 2006b; plus the Gulf coastal plains are discussed in Riddle and Honeycutt 1990; Castoe et al. 2007; and Mulcahy 2008, amongst other people). The buy 10074-G5 southern half of the Mexican Altiplano is residence to multiple basal nodes from the two species, which includes a number of apparent relict groups, which suggests the region might be a fantastic candidate for additional investigation into the early diversification and speciation of lineages within the P. barbatus/ P. rugosus species complicated. The cryptic fragmentation amongst seemingly contiguous distributions of northern P. rugosus and eastern PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21107424 and southern P. barbatus suggests that even the youngest of those clades predate the modern day day Holocene, an interglacial period that began around 11,000 years ago (Van Devender 2000). Through the final glacial maximum(LGM), a mixture of forest expansions and pluvial lakes restricted desert communiti.
