Mpact cities [17], eco-cities [18], low-carbon cities [19], resilient cities [20], and new urbanism [21]. When these models describe the vision of sustainable urban development, they also emphasize the connection among urban form, that may be, urban spatial structure and sustainability. The term urban spatial structure refers to discernible patterns in the distribution of human activity in cities [22]. It reflects the organization of urban land use and is closely related to the travel patterns of residents. A sustainable urban spatial structure contributes to control the size on the city and population, lower the website traffic distance and also the use of autos, and obtain the effective use of land resources, thus advertising urban sustainability [17,23].Land 2021, 10,three of2.two. Identification and Characteristics of Urban Spatial Structure Researchers think that the qualities of urban spatial structure consist of each static and Thromboxane B2 Protocol dynamic elements [24,25]. The static characteristics reflect the morphological features of space [26]. Workplaces and residences will be the two most important functions affecting urban improvement and residential living circumstances. Therefore, utilizing the spatial distribution of employment and population to describe the morphological characteristics of urban spatial structure is a frequent method in existing investigation [270]. Besides, research on US metro areas have dominated connected functions [31]. Burgess abstracted the monocentric city model primarily based on the relationship in between land utilizes and social classes in Chicago [32]. This model indicates that, within the early improvement of megacities, all or most jobs have been concentrated in the urban core, whilst residences had been arranged in concentric circles about the core location [335]. With alterations towards the economic development mode and also the evolution of transportation technologies, a suburbanization approach had taken location in big cities, in developed countries, by the 1960s [36]. The city center maintained its dominance for tertiary Compound 48/80 Biological Activity industry, while workplace space, investigation and development institutions, university campuses, logistics parks, and residential locations progressively spread for the urban fringe [37]. The concept of edge city [38] and employment subcenter [39] have proved the emergence of polycentric morphology in the process of suburbanization inside the United states of america. Considering the fact that then, empirical research on massive cities in other countries have also confirmed the existence of polycentricity [402], and polycentric improvement has also been deemed as an effective planning tool to combat unorganized urban sprawl [43,44]. Nevertheless, yet another perspective emphasizes that the suburbanization process is not going to necessarily kind a polycentric urban spatial structure, but will further market the decentralization of jobs and persons [45]. This makes megacities kind a pattern of generalized dispersion, and some current studies within the United states and other created countries present evidence constant with this view [469]. The dynamic traits of urban spatial structure reflect intra-city functional linkages, that are manifested as dense functional urban regions [50]. Current research have made use of a number of flows to measure the functional connections, among which the targeted traffic flow generated by human day-to-day activities is definitely the most frequent [514]. The conventional strategy to acquiring travel information is that of a household travel survey, that is expensive, error-prone, and not easily updated. Additionally, the sample size limitation mak.
