Mpact cities [17], eco-cities [18], low-carbon cities [19], resilient cities [20], and new urbanism [21]. Whilst these models describe the AS-0141 Autophagy vision of sustainable urban development, they also emphasize the connection among urban kind, that is, urban spatial structure and sustainability. The term urban spatial structure refers to discernible patterns within the distribution of human activity in cities [22]. It reflects the organization of urban land use and is closely connected towards the travel patterns of residents. A sustainable urban spatial structure contributes to handle the size from the city and population, lessen the visitors distance and also the use of vehicles, and obtain the efficient use of land sources, hence advertising urban sustainability [17,23].Land 2021, ten,three of2.2. Identification and Traits of Urban Spatial Structure Researchers believe that the qualities of urban spatial structure involve both static and dynamic aspects [24,25]. The static characteristics reflect the morphological capabilities of space [26]. Workplaces and residences will be the two most significant functions affecting urban improvement and residential living conditions. Consequently, using the spatial distribution of employment and population to describe the morphological characteristics of urban spatial structure can be a widespread strategy in current study [270]. Besides, studies on US metro regions have dominated associated works [31]. Burgess abstracted the monocentric city model based around the partnership among land makes use of and social classes in Chicago [32]. This model indicates that, within the early development of megacities, all or most jobs have been concentrated inside the urban core, although residences have been arranged in concentric circles about the core region [335]. With alterations for the financial improvement mode and also the evolution of transportation technology, a suburbanization approach had taken place in large cities, in created countries, by the 1960s [36]. The city center maintained its dominance for tertiary market, whilst office space, investigation and improvement institutions, university campuses, logistics parks, and residential places steadily spread for the urban fringe [37]. The notion of edge city [38] and employment subcenter [39] have proved the emergence of polycentric morphology in the approach of suburbanization in the United states. Since then, empirical studies on huge cities in other nations have also confirmed the existence of polycentricity [402], and polycentric development has also been considered as an effective organizing tool to combat unorganized urban sprawl [43,44]. Nonetheless, a further perspective emphasizes that the suburbanization approach will not necessarily type a polycentric urban spatial structure, but will further promote the decentralization of jobs and persons [45]. This tends to make megacities kind a pattern of generalized dispersion, and a few current research within the Usa as well as other created countries present proof constant with this view [469]. The dynamic qualities of urban spatial structure reflect intra-city functional linkages, that are manifested as dense functional urban regions [50]. Existing research have employed a variety of flows to measure the functional connections, amongst which the targeted traffic flow generated by human daily activities could be the most frequent [514]. The regular approach to obtaining travel information is the fact that of a household travel survey, which can be pricey, Tianeptine sodium salt custom synthesis error-prone, and not conveniently updated. Furthermore, the sample size limitation mak.
