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D Sytze van Dam and Teri Brouwer (Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis) for their enable with patient recruitment; Nikie Hoetjes (VUMC) for information acquisition; the radiochemistry staff in the Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Investigation (VUMC) for tracer production and blood sample analyses; Frederik Barkhof (VUMC) for MRI assessments; and Patrick Schober and Lothar Schwarte (VUMC) for arterial cannulation.References 1. Monami M, Marchionni N, Mannucci E. Long-acting insulin analogues vs. NPH human insulin in sort 1 diabetes. A metaanalysis. Diabetes Obes Metab 2009;11: 3722. Obici S, Feng Z, Karkanias G, Baskin DG, Rossetti L. Decreasing hypothalamic insulin receptors causes hyperphagia and insulin resistance in rats. Nat Neurosci 2002;five: 56672 3. Woods SC, Lotter EC, McKay LD, Porte D Jr. Chronic intracerebroventricular infusion of insulin reduces meals intake and physique weight of baboons. Nature 1979;282: 50305 four. Born J, Lange T, Kern W, McGregor GP, Bickel U, Fehm HL. Sniffing δ Opioid Receptor/DOR Antagonist supplier neuropeptides: a NK3 Inhibitor Compound transnasal strategy towards the human brain. Nat Neurosci 2002;five:51416 5. Hallschmid M, Higgs S, Thienel M, Ott V, Lehnert H. Postprandial administration of intranasal insulin intensifies satiety and reduces intake of palatable snacks in ladies. Diabetes 2012;61:78289 six. Benedict C, Kern W, Schultes B, Born J, Hallschmid M. Differential sensitivity of guys and women to anorexigenic and memory-improving effects of intranasal insulin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93: 1339344 7. Hallschmid M, Benedict C, Schultes B, Fehm HL, Born J, Kern W. Intranasal insulin reduces physique fat in men but not in females. Diabetes 2004;53:3024029 8. Hermansen K, Davies M. Does insulin detemir possess a role in lowering threat of insulin-associated weight achieve Diabetes Obes Metab 2007;9:20917 9. Hennige AM, Sartorius T, Tschritter O, et al. Tissue selectivity of insulin detemir action in vivo. Diabetologia 2006;49:12741282 ten. Tschritter O, Hennige AM, Preissl H, et al. Cerebrocortical beta activity in overweight humans responds to insulin detemir. PLoS A single 2007;2:e1196 11. Hallschmid M, Jauch-Chara K, Korn O, et al. Euglycemic infusion of insulin detemir compared with human insulin seems to increase direct current brain potential response and reduces food intake even though inducing related systemic effects. Diabetes 2010;59:1101107 12. Bingham EM, Hopkins D, Smith D, et al. The role of insulin in human brain glucose metabolism: an 18fluoro-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography study. Diabetes 2002;51:3384390 13. Hirvonen J, Virtanen KA, Nummenmaa L, et al. Effects of insulin on brain glucose metabolism in impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes 2011;60:44347 14. Anthony K, Reed LJ, Dunn JT, et al. Attenuation of insulin-evoked responses in brain networks controlling appetite and reward in insulin resistance: the cerebral basis for impaired control of food intake in metabolic syndrome Diabetes 2006;55: 2986992 15. Selim M, Jones R, Novak P, Zhao P, Novak V. The effects of physique mass index on cerebral blood flow velocity. Clin Auton Res 2008;18:331DIABETES CARE, VOLUME 36, DECEMBERDetemir impact on cerebral blood flow and metabolism16. Willeumier KC, Taylor DV, Amen DG. Elevated BMI is associated with decreased blood flow in the prefrontal cortex working with SPECT imaging in healthier adults. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011;19:1095097 17. Katakam PV, Domoki F, Lenti L, et al. Cerebrovascular responses to insulin in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2009;29: 1955967 18. Bril V, Perkins BA. Validation from the Toro.

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