Ave NADPH oxidase-independent signaling, we evaluated survival following tumor challenge in another NADPH oxidase-deficient model (gp91phox2/2) [31], and found no significant difference compared to WT mice (data not shown). To assess tumor progression prior to overt disease requiring euthanasia, WT and p47phox2/2 mice were sacrificed LY2409021 chemical information either at day 42 (modeling minimal residual disease) or day 90 (modeling advanced disease) after MOSEC administration. At day 42, there was no detectable ascites, but there was variable appearance of tumor nodules measuring ,1? mm in the peritoneal cavity of WT and p47phox2/2 mice. At day 90, both genotypes had ascites with extensive tumor implants. There was no obvious effect of genotype at either time point based on visual inspection. These results show that NADPH oxidase does not have a major role in modulating the progression of ovarian tumor burden.Effect of NADPH oxidase in modulating 16574785 MDSCs in the ovarian tumor microenvironment and systemicallyNADPH oxidase could potentially have multiple effects on the tumor microenvironment that either promote or inhibit tumor progression, including modulation of the cytokine milieu, inflammatory cell recruitment, and antigen display and cross-presentation [32?7]. We undertook studies to evaluate the specific effects of NADPH oxidase on MDSC accumulation and function following MOSEC challenge. We evaluated MDSC accumulation in the peritoneal tumor microenvironment, draining lymph nodes (para-aortic and inguinal), and spleens at days 42 and 90 after MOSEC challenge in WT and NADPH oxidase-deficient mice. A well-defined granulocytic MDSC population (CD11b+Ly6G+Ly6Clow) was observed in PECs and systemically in WT and p47phox2/2 mice that increased in relation to tumor burden (Figure 2). We did not observe a well-defined CD11b+Ly6G2Ly6Chigh population that characterized monocytic MDSCs in other tumor-bearing models [2]; therefore the monocytic MDSC population was defined based on CD11b+Ly6G2Ly6C+ expression (Figure 2A), realizing that this may contain a mixed population of monocytic cells. In non-tumor-bearing mice, virtually all of the peritoneal myeloid cells were resident macrophages (CD11b+F4/80+) (data not shown). In MOSEC-bearing mice, tumor cells were the predominant cell population in peritoneal lavage fluid. Gating on peritoneal myeloid cells (CD11b+), the proportion with granulocytic and monocytic MDSCs was greater in advanced (day 90)Cytokine analysisCell-free supernatants from peritoneal ascites were collected from ID8 MOSEC-bearing mice at day 90. Cytokine and VEGF concentrations were measured by ELISA according to the manufacturer’s instructions (BD Biosciences).Reactive oxidant productionTo measure the production of ROIs by granulocytic MDSCs, the oxidation sensitive dye H2DCFDA (Invitrogen) was used. PECs isolated from MOSEC-bearing WT and p47phox2/2 mice at day 90, were stained with anti-CD11b and anti-Ly6G, and then incubated in 1 FBS-containing PBS at room temperature in dark with or without H2DCFDA (10 mM; Invitrogen) for 30 min. After washing, cells were incubated with or without PMA (50 nM) for 15 min, then transferred to ice, and immediately analyzed by flow cytometry.Statistical AnalysisTime to euthanasia was plotted using Kaplan-Meier curves and analyzed using the log-rank method. For immunologic endpoints, comparisons between two groups were assessed by student’s t-test or Mann-Whitney if data were not MedChemExpress Met-Enkephalin normally distributed. Statistical analysi.Ave NADPH oxidase-independent signaling, we evaluated survival following tumor challenge in another NADPH oxidase-deficient model (gp91phox2/2) [31], and found no significant difference compared to WT mice (data not shown). To assess tumor progression prior to overt disease requiring euthanasia, WT and p47phox2/2 mice were sacrificed either at day 42 (modeling minimal residual disease) or day 90 (modeling advanced disease) after MOSEC administration. At day 42, there was no detectable ascites, but there was variable appearance of tumor nodules measuring ,1? mm in the peritoneal cavity of WT and p47phox2/2 mice. At day 90, both genotypes had ascites with extensive tumor implants. There was no obvious effect of genotype at either time point based on visual inspection. These results show that NADPH oxidase does not have a major role in modulating the progression of ovarian tumor burden.Effect of NADPH oxidase in modulating 16574785 MDSCs in the ovarian tumor microenvironment and systemicallyNADPH oxidase could potentially have multiple effects on the tumor microenvironment that either promote or inhibit tumor progression, including modulation of the cytokine milieu, inflammatory cell recruitment, and antigen display and cross-presentation [32?7]. We undertook studies to evaluate the specific effects of NADPH oxidase on MDSC accumulation and function following MOSEC challenge. We evaluated MDSC accumulation in the peritoneal tumor microenvironment, draining lymph nodes (para-aortic and inguinal), and spleens at days 42 and 90 after MOSEC challenge in WT and NADPH oxidase-deficient mice. A well-defined granulocytic MDSC population (CD11b+Ly6G+Ly6Clow) was observed in PECs and systemically in WT and p47phox2/2 mice that increased in relation to tumor burden (Figure 2). We did not observe a well-defined CD11b+Ly6G2Ly6Chigh population that characterized monocytic MDSCs in other tumor-bearing models [2]; therefore the monocytic MDSC population was defined based on CD11b+Ly6G2Ly6C+ expression (Figure 2A), realizing that this may contain a mixed population of monocytic cells. In non-tumor-bearing mice, virtually all of the peritoneal myeloid cells were resident macrophages (CD11b+F4/80+) (data not shown). In MOSEC-bearing mice, tumor cells were the predominant cell population in peritoneal lavage fluid. Gating on peritoneal myeloid cells (CD11b+), the proportion with granulocytic and monocytic MDSCs was greater in advanced (day 90)Cytokine analysisCell-free supernatants from peritoneal ascites were collected from ID8 MOSEC-bearing mice at day 90. Cytokine and VEGF concentrations were measured by ELISA according to the manufacturer’s instructions (BD Biosciences).Reactive oxidant productionTo measure the production of ROIs by granulocytic MDSCs, the oxidation sensitive dye H2DCFDA (Invitrogen) was used. PECs isolated from MOSEC-bearing WT and p47phox2/2 mice at day 90, were stained with anti-CD11b and anti-Ly6G, and then incubated in 1 FBS-containing PBS at room temperature in dark with or without H2DCFDA (10 mM; Invitrogen) for 30 min. After washing, cells were incubated with or without PMA (50 nM) for 15 min, then transferred to ice, and immediately analyzed by flow cytometry.Statistical AnalysisTime to euthanasia was plotted using Kaplan-Meier curves and analyzed using the log-rank method. For immunologic endpoints, comparisons between two groups were assessed by student’s t-test or Mann-Whitney if data were not normally distributed. Statistical analysi.
