. Sci. 2015, 16 24028 secondary antibody. Nuclei were counterstained with Hoechst 33258. Fluorescent cells were observed and photographed under a laser scanning confocal microscope. 3.15. Xenograft Models and Immunohistochemistry Detections To build the melanoma xenograft, 3 106 B16F10 cells were subcutaneously implanted into female C57BL/6 mice. On the seventh day, mice appropriately-sized tumors were divided randomly into six groups, including control group, positive drug group, vehicle-treated group and FA 
dosage groups. The mice were treated with FA or carboxy methylated cellulose daily by intragastric administration. Tumor volume and mice body weight were measured every 3 days. Tumor volume was calculated as mm3 = 0.5 length 3 width 2. After euthanizing mice on Day 25, deparaffinized tumor sections were stained with specific antibodies, including CD31, p-FGFR1Y154, p-PI3K p85Tyr458 and p-AktThr308. Detection was done with avidin-biotin-HRP complex and diaminobenzidine as the chromogen. Nuclei were counterstained with hematoxylin. All animal experiments were carried out in compliance with the Guidelines for the Zhejiang University School of Medicine. 3.16. Statistical Analysis The data were presented as the mean SD. Differences in the results of two groups were evaluated using either two-tailed Student’s t-test or one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc Dunnett’s test. The differences with p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. 4. Conclusions In summary, our study indicated that FA exerted anti-angiogenesis activities at a non-toxic dosage via specifically targeting FGFR1 PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19817875 and its PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in melanoma. As a natural inhibitor against FGFR1, FA is a promising candidate for the development of anti-angiogenesis agents. Supplementary Materials Supplementary materials can be found at http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/16/10/24011/s1. Although diet is the most Neuromedin N web important source of daily nutrients, excess food intake leads to metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes and obesity. In recent years, obesity is one of the most critical health problems worldwide. In the past decades, it has become increasingly apparent that all macronutrients, including carbohydrates, proteins and lipids, play an important role in the regulation of energy metabolism. Obesity develops as a result of a prolonged imbalance between energy expenditure and intake, which influences various metabolite- and hormone-related pathways. Excessive food intake along with insufficient exercise and genetic susceptibility is considered a risk factor for obesity. Recent studies also suggest that the intestinal environment, particularly changes in gut microbiota composition, is closely linked to obesity and metabolic disorders. One role of gut microbiota is to exchange free fatty acids derived from dietary fat for other FFAs as gut microbial metabolites that are key factors in energy metabolism. FFAs are not only an essential energy source, but also function as signaling molecules that regulate various cellular processes and physiological functions according to carbon chain length. Short chain fatty acids have no more than six carbons; medium chain fatty acids have from 612 carbons; and long chain fatty acids have greater than 12 carbons. Humans are unable to generate linoleic acid C18:2 and -linolenic acid C18:3, because humans cannot synthesize the -6 or -3 double bond. Therefore, these fatty acids must be obtained from the diet. Dietary fibers have had inter
