Mia and 15 min of reperfusion (I/R).Coronary perfusion pressure (mmHg) CONTROL (n = 19) CONTROL+I/R (n = 15) OVERFED (n = 13) OVERFED+I/R (n = 10) 7262 6665 7262Left intraventricular developed pressure (mmHg) 106614 40611# 49610*dP/dt (mmHg/s) 24156317 9096255# 14306262Data are represented as means 6SEM. n = number of hearts. *(P,0.01). L12 vs. L3. # (P,0.01) I/R vs. control. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054984.tmental groups, with the percentage of reduction being significantly smaller in the GW788388 manufacturer hearts from overfed rats ( reduction = 40614, 3769, 2464, 1568 P,0.05, 1066 P,0.05, for angiotensin II 10211, 10210, 1531364 1029, 1028 and 1027 M, respectively) compared to control litters ( reduction = 6069, 45610, 46610, 4266, 4169).Angiotensinogen, AGTRa, AGTR2 and ATP6AP2 Gene ExpressionAngiotensinogen gene expression was similar in the hearts of control and overfed rats, and it was increased after I/R in the hearts of control (P,0.05) but not in overfed rats (Figure 4A). AGTRa and AGTR2 gene expressions were up-regulated in the myocardium of overfed rats compared with controls (P,0.05). After I/R, expression of both AGTRa and AGTR2 increased in control but decreased in overfed rats (P,0.05 for both, Figures 4B and 4C,). ATP6AP2 was unchanged in response to both early overnutrition or I/R (Figure 4D).Coronary Vasodilatation to BradykininThe coronary contraction induced with U46619 was similar in control (12364 mmHg before and 12566 mmHg after I/R) and overfed (12363 mmHg before and 12365 mmHg after I/R) rats. After precontraction of the coronary circulation with U46619, injection of bradykinin induced a significant reduction in the coronary perfusion pressure (Figure 3). This effect of bradykinin was similar in the hearts from overfed and control rats, and was similarly reduced after I/R in both experimental groups.Apoptotic Markers in the MyocardiumNeither litter reduction nor I/R induced a significant effect in Bax levels in the myocardium (Figure 5A). However, the content of the activator caspase-8 in the myocardium was significantly increased in response to both litter reduction and I/R (P,0.Figure 2. Coronary GSK-J4 site vasoconstriction to angiotensin II (10211?027 M) in perfused hearts from control or reduced (overfed) litters, with or without 30 min of ischemia and 15 min of reperfusion (I/R). *P,0.01 I/R vs. control. Values are represented as mean 6S.E.M. n number of hearts. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054984.gEffects of Ischemia in Early OvernutritionFigure 3. Coronary vasodilatation to bradykinin (1029?026 M) after precontraction with U46619 in perfused hearts from control or reduced (overfed) litters, with or without 30 min of ischemia and 15 min of reperfusion (IR). *P,0.01 I/R vs. control. Values are represented as mean 6S.E.M. n number of hearts. 24786787 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054984.gfor both, Figure 5B). Early overnutrition also had an impact on caspase-3 content in the heart as overfed rats with I/R had increased levels of this proapototic protein compared to control-IR (P,0.05, Figure 5C). In addition litter reduction also increased the myocardic levels of caspase-6 (P,0.001) with I/R having no effect (Figure 5D).Anti-apoptotic Markers in the MyocardiumBcl-2 levels were unchanged in response to both litter reduction and I/R (Figure 6A). On the contrary Hsp-70 levels were increased in the heart in response to both early overnutrition and I/R (P,0.01 and P,0.001 respectively, Figure 6B), with the levels of this anti-apoptotic protein being greater in ov.Mia and 15 min of reperfusion (I/R).Coronary perfusion pressure (mmHg) CONTROL (n = 19) CONTROL+I/R (n = 15) OVERFED (n = 13) OVERFED+I/R (n = 10) 7262 6665 7262Left intraventricular developed pressure (mmHg) 106614 40611# 49610*dP/dt (mmHg/s) 24156317 9096255# 14306262Data are represented as means 6SEM. n = number of hearts. *(P,0.01). L12 vs. L3. # (P,0.01) I/R vs. control. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054984.tmental groups, with the percentage of reduction being significantly smaller in the hearts from overfed rats ( reduction = 40614, 3769, 2464, 1568 P,0.05, 1066 P,0.05, for angiotensin II 10211, 10210, 1531364 1029, 1028 and 1027 M, respectively) compared to control litters ( reduction = 6069, 45610, 46610, 4266, 4169).Angiotensinogen, AGTRa, AGTR2 and ATP6AP2 Gene ExpressionAngiotensinogen gene expression was similar in the hearts of control and overfed rats, and it was increased after I/R in the hearts of control (P,0.05) but not in overfed rats (Figure 4A). AGTRa and AGTR2 gene expressions were up-regulated in the myocardium of overfed rats compared with controls (P,0.05). After I/R, expression of both AGTRa and AGTR2 increased in control but decreased in overfed rats (P,0.05 for both, Figures 4B and 4C,). ATP6AP2 was unchanged in response to both early overnutrition or I/R (Figure 4D).Coronary Vasodilatation to BradykininThe coronary contraction induced with U46619 was similar in control (12364 mmHg before and 12566 mmHg after I/R) and overfed (12363 mmHg before and 12365 mmHg after I/R) rats. After precontraction of the coronary circulation with U46619, injection of bradykinin induced a significant reduction in the coronary perfusion pressure (Figure 3). This effect of bradykinin was similar in the hearts from overfed and control rats, and was similarly reduced after I/R in both experimental groups.Apoptotic Markers in the MyocardiumNeither litter reduction nor I/R induced a significant effect in Bax levels in the myocardium (Figure 5A). However, the content of the activator caspase-8 in the myocardium was significantly increased in response to both litter reduction and I/R (P,0.Figure 2. Coronary vasoconstriction to angiotensin II (10211?027 M) in perfused hearts from control or reduced (overfed) litters, with or without 30 min of ischemia and 15 min of reperfusion (I/R). *P,0.01 I/R vs. control. Values are represented as mean 6S.E.M. n number of hearts. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054984.gEffects of Ischemia in Early OvernutritionFigure 3. Coronary vasodilatation to bradykinin (1029?026 M) after precontraction with U46619 in perfused hearts from control or reduced (overfed) litters, with or without 30 min of ischemia and 15 min of reperfusion (IR). *P,0.01 I/R vs. control. Values are represented as mean 6S.E.M. n number of hearts. 24786787 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054984.gfor both, Figure 5B). Early overnutrition also had an impact on caspase-3 content in the heart as overfed rats with I/R had increased levels of this proapototic protein compared to control-IR (P,0.05, Figure 5C). In addition litter reduction also increased the myocardic levels of caspase-6 (P,0.001) with I/R having no effect (Figure 5D).Anti-apoptotic Markers in the MyocardiumBcl-2 levels were unchanged in response to both litter reduction and I/R (Figure 6A). On the contrary Hsp-70 levels were increased in the heart in response to both early overnutrition and I/R (P,0.01 and P,0.001 respectively, Figure 6B), with the levels of this anti-apoptotic protein being greater in ov.
