Ce, there has been a growing emphasis on the identification of molecular markers that can identify PC at an early and potentially resectable stage. Body fluids, such as blood, urine, bile and pancreatic juice represent a promising source of potential biomarkers. Currently, the only biomarker that is approved for use in PC is CA19-9 which is recommended to follow the progression of PC, but not for diagnostic use. We have previously reported that neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL), a 24 kDa glycoprotein, is differentially upregulated during the progression of PC. Further, in a small set of samples we showed that plasma NGAL levels were significantly elevated in PC patients MedChemExpress JSH-23 compared to healthy controlsDiagnosis Efficacy of NGAL, MIC-1 and CA19-[3]. Recently, El-Mesallamy et al. observed significant increase in NGAL levels in PC patients with pre-existing diabetes (142 ng/ml) in comparison to diabetic patients (66.7 ng/ml) and non-diabetic healthy controls (37.8 ng/ml). With sensitivity and specificity of 75 and 87 in differentiating PC from non-PC cases NGAL came up as potential adipokine [4]. Macrophage inhibitory cytokine (MIC-1), a distant member of the transforming growth factor b (TGF-b) family of cytokines, was originally identified as a gene expressed in the context of macrophage ITI214 activation [5]. In a previous study, it was shown to be differentially expressed in PC tissues and elevated in the serum of PC patients compared to both healthy controls and those with benign pancreatic neoplasms [6]. Further, Ozkan et al., observed significantly elevated expression of MIC-1 in PC cases in comparison to other pancreatobilary diseases and healthy controls. It was found to have similar sensitivity as that to CA19.9 (81 ) in differentiating PC from other benign diseases [7]. Serum MIC-1 was found to outperform CA19-9 in CA19-9, in differentiating patients with resectable pancreatic cancer from controls [8,9]. In the present study, we sought to extend the findings from our pilot study to investigate the diagnostic utility of plasma NGAL in PC [3]. Given the participation of both MIC-1 and NGAL in inflammation and the close relationship between inflammation, chiefly of the chronic nature, and PC [3], we added MIC-1 to the panel of potential biomarkers. Plasma CA19-9 was used as a reference to compare the diagnostic performance of both NGAL and MIC-1. 15857111 Our results suggest that plasma levels of both NGAL and MIC-1 were significantly elevated in patients with PC. In the present study, MIC-1 was found to be highly specific in distinguishing patients with surgically resectable PC (i.e. early stage 1/2) from CP cases. Improved diagnostic efficacy of CA19-9 was observed in differentiating stage 1/2 PC patients from HCs at an optimal 24786787 cut-off .54.1 U/ml (74 sensitive and 92 specific) in comparison to its clinical cut-off (37.1 U/ml) (71 sensitive and 67 specific). Finally, multivariate analysis revealed that a combination of plasma MIC-1 and CA19-9 is significantly superior to CA19-9 alone in differentiating resectable PC from CP (AUC = 0.85 vs. 0.74, p = 0.029).Table 1. Demographics and clinicopathologic characteristics of patients included in the study.Variable N ( ) Mean (SD) age Males ( ) Race (i) White (ii) Black (iii) Asian (iv) Missing Smoker (i) Ever (ii) Never (iii) Missing BMI Stage 1B 2A 2B 3 4 Missing Location of tumor (i) Head (ii) Body (iii)Tail (iv) Uncinate process (v) Missing Grade of tumor (i) Well differentiated (ii.Ce, there has been a growing emphasis on the identification of molecular markers that can identify PC at an early and potentially resectable stage. Body fluids, such as blood, urine, bile and pancreatic juice represent a promising source of potential biomarkers. Currently, the only biomarker that is approved for use in PC is CA19-9 which is recommended to follow the progression of PC, but not for diagnostic use. We have previously reported that neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL), a 24 kDa glycoprotein, is differentially upregulated during the progression of PC. Further, in a small set of samples we showed that plasma NGAL levels were significantly elevated in PC patients compared to healthy controlsDiagnosis Efficacy of NGAL, MIC-1 and CA19-[3]. Recently, El-Mesallamy et al. observed significant increase in NGAL levels in PC patients with pre-existing diabetes (142 ng/ml) in comparison to diabetic patients (66.7 ng/ml) and non-diabetic healthy controls (37.8 ng/ml). With sensitivity and specificity of 75 and 87 in differentiating PC from non-PC cases NGAL came up as potential adipokine [4]. Macrophage inhibitory cytokine (MIC-1), a distant member of the transforming growth factor b (TGF-b) family of cytokines, was originally identified as a gene expressed in the context of macrophage activation [5]. In a previous study, it was shown to be differentially expressed in PC tissues and elevated in the serum of PC patients compared to both healthy controls and those with benign pancreatic neoplasms [6]. Further, Ozkan et al., observed significantly elevated expression of MIC-1 in PC cases in comparison to other pancreatobilary diseases and healthy controls. It was found to have similar sensitivity as that to CA19.9 (81 ) in differentiating PC from other benign diseases [7]. Serum MIC-1 was found to outperform CA19-9 in CA19-9, in differentiating patients with resectable pancreatic cancer from controls [8,9]. In the present study, we sought to extend the findings from our pilot study to investigate the diagnostic utility of plasma NGAL in PC [3]. Given the participation of both MIC-1 and NGAL in inflammation and the close relationship between inflammation, chiefly of the chronic nature, and PC [3], we added MIC-1 to the panel of potential biomarkers. Plasma CA19-9 was used as a reference to compare the diagnostic performance of both NGAL and MIC-1. 15857111 Our results suggest that plasma levels of both NGAL and MIC-1 were significantly elevated in patients with PC. In the present study, MIC-1 was found to be highly specific in distinguishing patients with surgically resectable PC (i.e. early stage 1/2) from CP cases. Improved diagnostic efficacy of CA19-9 was observed in differentiating stage 1/2 PC patients from HCs at an optimal 24786787 cut-off .54.1 U/ml (74 sensitive and 92 specific) in comparison to its clinical cut-off (37.1 U/ml) (71 sensitive and 67 specific). Finally, multivariate analysis revealed that a combination of plasma MIC-1 and CA19-9 is significantly superior to CA19-9 alone in differentiating resectable PC from CP (AUC = 0.85 vs. 0.74, p = 0.029).Table 1. Demographics and clinicopathologic characteristics of patients included in the study.Variable N ( ) Mean (SD) age Males ( ) Race (i) White (ii) Black (iii) Asian (iv) Missing Smoker (i) Ever (ii) Never (iii) Missing BMI Stage 1B 2A 2B 3 4 Missing Location of tumor (i) Head (ii) Body (iii)Tail (iv) Uncinate process (v) Missing Grade of tumor (i) Well differentiated (ii.
