The species treated right here. In P. lodiculoides (Fig. 10D) and P. dendroides (Fig. 7G) nectaries are often MedChemExpress Itacitinib colorless, weak and membranous, curving slightly or collapsing following anthesis. Nevertheless, in southern Peru, nectaries of P. dendroides could be light pink or brown. In the staminate flowers of these two species, the nectaries are nicely integrated within the corolla, only reaching about halfway for the sinuses on the tube. All other species have rigid dark brownish nectaries, which reach the sinuses from the corolla tube in the staminate flower, and are normally effectively exsert in the pistillate flowers, in particular in fruit. In P. pilosus (Fig. 12B, D, I) and P. huancabambensis (Fig. 9I) the papillae rimming the prime on the nectary are stiff-walled and largely colorless, only partially collapsing immediately after anthesis and contrast strongly using the dark-pigmented physique from the nectary. Stiff-walled apical papillae might also be created, to a lesser degree, in Peruvian specimens of P. dendroides. In Paepalanthus caryonauta (Fig. 5G) the apical papillae are significantly less clearly differentiated in texture and color, along with the whole structure uniformly dark brown.Nancy Hensold / PhytoKeys 64: 17 (2016)Figure three. Vascular bundle morphology, adaxial side up. A Paepalanthus caryonauta B P. pilosus var. pilosus C-E P. dendroides F P. huancabambensis midvein, with bundle sheath extensions. (A Valenzuela 8117 B Barbour 3427 C Le 2683 D-E Le 2243. F: Sag tegui 16799 D-F Mesophyll darkened for contrast.)Diaspores In P. dendroides, P. huancabambensis, and P. pilosus var. pilosus the basal half of the fruiting sepals thickens along the midvein at maturity and recurves hygroscopically upon drying, presumably pushing the detached corolla and fruit upward towards the capitulum surface (Figs 2A, D; 7E; 12G, H). That is comparable for the “elevator mechanism” of dispersal, described by Trovand St zel (2011) for P. tortilis (Bong.) K n. Even so, in P. tortilis, the strategies on the sepals recurve sharply, while inside the taxa described right here, only the sepal bases thicken and reflex, and the apex remains angled upward. The pilose corolla remains tightly attached for the fruit and is dispersed with it, leaving the sepals behind. In P. dendroides and to some extent in P. huancabambensis, the petals are broadly spatulate and densely pilose (Fig. 7), perhaps additional facilitating dispersal, when in P. pilosus the persistent petals are somewhat narrow (Fig. 12E, G). Having said that, in P. pilosus the hygroscopic pseudotrichomes (rod-like epidermal wall remains) from the seed coat are slightly stiffer and much more prominent than in any on the other species, while those of P. dendroides have a tendency to become weak and flaccid (cf. Figs 5, 7, 10, 12). Melcher et al. (2004), in a broad survey of paramo taxa, assumed around the basis of morphology that P. pilosus (“P. karstenii”) is mostly wind-dispersed and secondarily water-dispersed. They identified that diaspores of this species will float for at the least 3 days and recommended that the persistent pilose petals, and possibly the pseudotrichomes with the seeds, may function to trap air bubbles. SEM photographs on the diaspore and seed are offered by Melcher et al. (2004). The PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20106880 diaspores of P. caryonauta (Fig. 2B , Fig. 5K ), P. lodiculoides (Fig. 2E, Fig. 10E), and P. pilosus var. leoniae (Fig. 12L) are of a unique variety. In these taxa, each sepals and petals are uniformly thickened in fruit, the broad-based sepals strongly cymbiform-clasping, and the fruit dispersed enveloped by the whole perianth. The.
