Ge number of authors per co-authored paper, the average number of nations per paper, or the percentage of international connections.PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0134164 July 31,5 /A Network Analysis of Nobel Prize WinnersThen, we examined whether winning the Prize had an effect on coauthorship and sole authorship rates, which could explain the difference observed between HIV-1 integrase inhibitor 2 supplier Laureates and non-Laureates. Table 3 shows that the Laureates increased the average number of authors per coauthored paper after winning the Prize, but on journal.pone.0077579 average they are no more collaborative than the non-Laureates. Further, Laureates show a spike in sole-authored publications in the two years after winning the Prize, perhaps due to the increasing request to write review articles. But after two years the number of sole-authored publications quickly returns to pre-Prize levels. Against expectations, winning the Prize appears to have an insignificant effect on the higher rate of sole-authored publications observed among the Nobel Laureates–that tendency exists both before and after winning the Prize. It is well documented that science as a whole has been growing exponentially and that coauthorship and international collaboration have also risen at spectacular rates [23]. The Laureates and non-Laureates follow this trend: Both the Laureates and the non-Laureates show a striking rise in productivity and collaboration rates over the past few decades. The data show a notable increase in the BMS-214662MedChemExpress BMS-214662 numbers of authors and nations represented per paper, again consistent with science as a whole, but neither group diverges from the other in productivity growth or collaboration patterns. Also reflecting changes in science, more recent papers include some with more than 100 authors. Out of around 35,000 articles in our data set, 20 have above 100 authors. These outliers are distributed roughly equally between the Laureates and non-Laureates. In summary, the Laureates produced fewer papers than the non-Laureates, but they have a higher average impact per paper (overall the two groups have equivalent impact). In contrast to Zuckerman’s finding [8], the Laureates have a lower number of coauthors across their careers. The two groups are equally collaborative at the paper level both nationally and internationally. The Laureates produced more sole-authored papers both before and after winning the jir.2014.0227 Nobel Prize. In the two-year period after they win the Prize, there is a spike in sole-authored papers, but this is only a temporary state which quickly reverts to the original pattern. After winning the prize the Laureates show on average higher numbers of coauthors per paper. In keeping with trends in science overall, the Laureates have become more productive and more collaborative over the decades.Network Analysis ResultsThe publication data allowed us to extract and compare coauthor networks to explore collaborative patterns. Three types of networks were constructed for the analysis: 1) comparison of the Laureate coauthor network with non-Laureate coauthor network, including all coauthors (Figs 1 and 2) comparison of the Laureate coauthor network with the non-Laureate coauthor network without coauthors, i.e. only primary authors (Figs 2 and 3) a combined Laureate/non-Laureate coauthor network without coauthors, i.e. only primary authors (Fig 3). Network measures were derived for average degree, average clustering coefficient, modularity (community structure), number of communities, density.Ge number of authors per co-authored paper, the average number of nations per paper, or the percentage of international connections.PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0134164 July 31,5 /A Network Analysis of Nobel Prize WinnersThen, we examined whether winning the Prize had an effect on coauthorship and sole authorship rates, which could explain the difference observed between Laureates and non-Laureates. Table 3 shows that the Laureates increased the average number of authors per coauthored paper after winning the Prize, but on journal.pone.0077579 average they are no more collaborative than the non-Laureates. Further, Laureates show a spike in sole-authored publications in the two years after winning the Prize, perhaps due to the increasing request to write review articles. But after two years the number of sole-authored publications quickly returns to pre-Prize levels. Against expectations, winning the Prize appears to have an insignificant effect on the higher rate of sole-authored publications observed among the Nobel Laureates–that tendency exists both before and after winning the Prize. It is well documented that science as a whole has been growing exponentially and that coauthorship and international collaboration have also risen at spectacular rates [23]. The Laureates and non-Laureates follow this trend: Both the Laureates and the non-Laureates show a striking rise in productivity and collaboration rates over the past few decades. The data show a notable increase in the numbers of authors and nations represented per paper, again consistent with science as a whole, but neither group diverges from the other in productivity growth or collaboration patterns. Also reflecting changes in science, more recent papers include some with more than 100 authors. Out of around 35,000 articles in our data set, 20 have above 100 authors. These outliers are distributed roughly equally between the Laureates and non-Laureates. In summary, the Laureates produced fewer papers than the non-Laureates, but they have a higher average impact per paper (overall the two groups have equivalent impact). In contrast to Zuckerman’s finding [8], the Laureates have a lower number of coauthors across their careers. The two groups are equally collaborative at the paper level both nationally and internationally. The Laureates produced more sole-authored papers both before and after winning the jir.2014.0227 Nobel Prize. In the two-year period after they win the Prize, there is a spike in sole-authored papers, but this is only a temporary state which quickly reverts to the original pattern. After winning the prize the Laureates show on average higher numbers of coauthors per paper. In keeping with trends in science overall, the Laureates have become more productive and more collaborative over the decades.Network Analysis ResultsThe publication data allowed us to extract and compare coauthor networks to explore collaborative patterns. Three types of networks were constructed for the analysis: 1) comparison of the Laureate coauthor network with non-Laureate coauthor network, including all coauthors (Figs 1 and 2) comparison of the Laureate coauthor network with the non-Laureate coauthor network without coauthors, i.e. only primary authors (Figs 2 and 3) a combined Laureate/non-Laureate coauthor network without coauthors, i.e. only primary authors (Fig 3). Network measures were derived for average degree, average clustering coefficient, modularity (community structure), number of communities, density.
