Ects on cellular responses and immune function but at high levels, free radicals and oxidants generates oxidative stress, a deleterious process that can damage cell structure, including lipids, proteins, and DNA [14]. Most living organisms possess efficient enzymatic and non-enzymatic defense systems against excess production of ROS. However, different Monocrotaline solubility external factors (smoke, diet, alcohol, some drugs), and aging decrease the capability of such protecting systems, resulting in N-hexanoic-Try-Ile-(6)-amino hexanoic amide site disturbances of the redox equilibrium that is established in healthy conditions. Therefore, antioxidants that scavenge ROS may be of great value in preventing the onset and/or the progression of oxidative diseases [13]. Inflammation is the reactive state of hyperemia and exudation from blood vessels with consequent redness, heat, swelling and pain in which a tissue manifests a response to physical or chemical injury or bacterial invasion [15]. Several medicinal plant species are commonly used in traditional medicine as anti-inflammatory remedies. A number of anti-inflammatory constituents have been isolated and characterized structurally and pharmacologically from different medicinal plants [16].Obesity, which is a strong risk factor for the development of chronic diseases such as type-II diabetes and cardiovascular disease, is characterized by an increase in the number and size of adipocytes differentiated from precursor cells, pre-adipocytes. Recent researches suggest that the accumulated fat in obesity also leads to increased ROS production resulting in systemic oxidative stress, and also contributing to obesity linked chronic diseases [12]. A high fat diet (HFD) increases the release of TNF- from the gut, alters PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26080418 mucosal immunity, activates mast cells, increases vascular permeability, and disrupts the intestinal basement membranes. HFD promotes inflammation and obesity by interacting with and altering gut microbiota composition [17]. Inhibition of adipocytes differentiation is suggested to be an important strategy for prevention and/or treatment of obesity [18]. To the best of our knowledge, there has been no works related to antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-adipogenic, and anti-obesity studies of CA. The promising antioxidant activity of the plant guided us to evaluate the antiinflammatory and anti-adipogenic activity. The supportive in vitro results led us to investigate the in vivo study. So, the main objective of this study is to explore the biological activities of CA.MethodsSample collectionAerial parts of CA were collected in Kaski district, Nepal, during June/July 2011 and identified by Dr. Radhe Shyam Kayastha, PhD., Tribhuvan University, Nepal. The voucher specimens (332) were deposited in the Pharmacognosy Laboratory of Pokhara University, Lekhnath Municipality-12, Kaski, Nepal.Reagents and chemicalsSolvents including methanol, ethyl acetate (EtOAc), n-butanol (BuOH), and chloroform (CHCl3) were purchased from SK chemicals (Seongnam, Korea) and were of analytical grade. 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were purchased from Junsei chemicals (Tokyo, Japan), Sulfanilic acid, N-(1-napthyl) ethylenediamine dihydrochloride, Folin Ciocalteu reagent, Gallic acid and ascorbic acid from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO), and Hydrogen peroxide from Daejung Chemicals (Daejung, Korea).Cell culture and bioassay reagentsRAW 264.7 cells and 3 T3-L1 cells were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Rockville,.Ects on cellular responses and immune function but at high levels, free radicals and oxidants generates oxidative stress, a deleterious process that can damage cell structure, including lipids, proteins, and DNA [14]. Most living organisms possess efficient enzymatic and non-enzymatic defense systems against excess production of ROS. However, different external factors (smoke, diet, alcohol, some drugs), and aging decrease the capability of such protecting systems, resulting in disturbances of the redox equilibrium that is established in healthy conditions. Therefore, antioxidants that scavenge ROS may be of great value in preventing the onset and/or the progression of oxidative diseases [13]. Inflammation is the reactive state of hyperemia and exudation from blood vessels with consequent redness, heat, swelling and pain in which a tissue manifests a response to physical or chemical injury or bacterial invasion [15]. Several medicinal plant species are commonly used in traditional medicine as anti-inflammatory remedies. A number of anti-inflammatory constituents have been isolated and characterized structurally and pharmacologically from different medicinal plants [16].Obesity, which is a strong risk factor for the development of chronic diseases such as type-II diabetes and cardiovascular disease, is characterized by an increase in the number and size of adipocytes differentiated from precursor cells, pre-adipocytes. Recent researches suggest that the accumulated fat in obesity also leads to increased ROS production resulting in systemic oxidative stress, and also contributing to obesity linked chronic diseases [12]. A high fat diet (HFD) increases the release of TNF- from the gut, alters PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26080418 mucosal immunity, activates mast cells, increases vascular permeability, and disrupts the intestinal basement membranes. HFD promotes inflammation and obesity by interacting with and altering gut microbiota composition [17]. Inhibition of adipocytes differentiation is suggested to be an important strategy for prevention and/or treatment of obesity [18]. To the best of our knowledge, there has been no works related to antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-adipogenic, and anti-obesity studies of CA. The promising antioxidant activity of the plant guided us to evaluate the antiinflammatory and anti-adipogenic activity. The supportive in vitro results led us to investigate the in vivo study. So, the main objective of this study is to explore the biological activities of CA.MethodsSample collectionAerial parts of CA were collected in Kaski district, Nepal, during June/July 2011 and identified by Dr. Radhe Shyam Kayastha, PhD., Tribhuvan University, Nepal. The voucher specimens (332) were deposited in the Pharmacognosy Laboratory of Pokhara University, Lekhnath Municipality-12, Kaski, Nepal.Reagents and chemicalsSolvents including methanol, ethyl acetate (EtOAc), n-butanol (BuOH), and chloroform (CHCl3) were purchased from SK chemicals (Seongnam, Korea) and were of analytical grade. 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were purchased from Junsei chemicals (Tokyo, Japan), Sulfanilic acid, N-(1-napthyl) ethylenediamine dihydrochloride, Folin Ciocalteu reagent, Gallic acid and ascorbic acid from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO), and Hydrogen peroxide from Daejung Chemicals (Daejung, Korea).Cell culture and bioassay reagentsRAW 264.7 cells and 3 T3-L1 cells were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Rockville,.
