In a position 7.Table 7. Datasets from NREL employed for every single region. Location San Juan Bayam Carolina Caguas Ponce E. Ponce W. Arecibo Mayag z Utilised Dataset San Juan San Juan San Juan Ceiba Ponce Ponce Aguadilla Mayag zOne-hour irradiance information was processed to recognize sunny and cloudy days and to simulate distinctive irradiance conditions for the identical evaluated case. The sky clearness index k was applied for the irradiance characterization. This index is Resazurin web defined because the ratio of immediate global horizontal irradiance (IGHI ) towards the maximum theoretically achievable extrater-Designs 2021, 5,15 ofrestrial irradiance (IETI ). Thus, the sky clearness index might be calculated by way of Equation (3), and also the daily sky clearness index kD may be calculated employing Equation (four) [47]. kD = IGH I IETI (three)kD =tset trise ( IGH I ) dt tset trise ( IETI ) dt(four)The everyday sky clearness index was jointly utilised with all the each day probability of persistence (POPD ), proposed by [48], which indicates the stability degree of a everyday irradiance dataset for any fixed time interval. The greater the worth of POPD , the smaller sized the irradiance variability. An algorithm was created to method annual irradiance data and to facilitate the characterization of all days. The process to calculate the POPD with one-hour irradiance information would be the following: 1. two. three. Calculate the instantaneous clearness index k for each and every hour, as described in Equation (three), and round off at the 1st decimal spot. Count the occasions of identical adjacent clearness index k. Divide the result obtained in step two by the number of hours from sunrise to sunset.There are numerous solutions to categorize every day climate making use of kD and POPD indexes [48,49]. On the other hand, Table eight shows the two minimal categories that may be regarded to classify everyday irradiance situations and applied for related studies with out there irradiance data.Table 8. Classification parameters of every day irradiance making use of kD and POPD indexes. kD POPD Description Sunny with steady sky situations for just about the entire day. Cloudy with high levels of fluctuation for the whole day. Variety of Day Sunny Cloudy0.5 0.0.5 0.3. Benefits Following the methods described on Section 2 resulted in an electric energy method model with a total of 4535 buses made use of to simulate the Puerto Rico energy technique. A summary of all the simulated energy lines and transformer substations is presented in Tables 9 and ten. Figure eight shows the final version from the one-line diagram with the Puerto Rico energy technique. Within this figure, voltage levels are identified by colors.Figure eight. One-line diagram with the Puerto Rico electric power technique (230 kV–blue; 115 kV–red; 38 kV–brown; 13.2 kV– green; 8.32 kV–burgundy).Designs 2021, five,16 ofTable 9. Summary from the simulated electrical lines. Process Transmission Sub-transmission Distribution Total Voltage Level (kV) 230 115 38 13.two 8.32 NA Quantity of Lines 17 102 100 3298 884Table 10. Summary with the simulated transformer substations. Sort of Transformer Substation (kV/kV) 230/115 230/24 230/22 230/20 230/18 230/15.5 230/13.8 115/38 115/20 115/18 115/15.five 115/13.eight 115/13.two 115/8.32 38/13.two 38/8.32 Total Variety of Substations 11 three 2 1 3 two ten 44 4 2 two 15 56 4 27 48Additionally, the power program was divided into eight places or regions, representing the actual operational divisions of PREPA. These regional divisions facilitate the Umbellulone Cancer evaluation and presentation of all round results in this paper. The simulated energy program divided by places is shown in Figure 9. The smaller sized islands of Vieques and.
