conversions via Western blot analysis. It is well known that the conversion of the light chain 3-I, upon conjugation to phosphatidylethanolamine, forms the conjugate light 
GS-4059 biological activity pubmed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19683258 chain 3-II which is then recruited to the membranes of autophagosomes. LC3 expression has been widely used to monitor and establish the status of autophagy as the amount of LC3II correlates with the number of autophagosomes. After a thorough investigation of the PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19682730 LC3-II level in the pancreatic stable cell lines, we observed an elevated LC3-II level in cells 7 / 20 GIPC Regulates Autophagy and Exosome Biogenesis deficient for GIPC, indicating the activation of autophagy. We also observed an increase in LC3-II puncta formation in the GIPC-depleted cells by immunofluorescence study. GIPC knockdown in presence of lysosomal protease inhibitors, Pepstatin-A and E-64d, further increased LC3-II levels in a dose-dependent manner compared with GIPC knockdown alone, indicating enhancement of autophagic flux. Furthermore, we used a tandem fusion protein mCherry-EGFP-LC3B containing acid-insensitive mCherry and acid-sensitive EGFP as an autophagic flux reporter system. During autophagosome formation, both EGFP and mCherry are detected in autophagosomes which appear as yellow puncta. However, once autophagosomes fuse with lysosomes, the green fluorescence is lost because of the degradation of EGFP by acid lysosomal proteases resulting only red puncta. Therefore, presence of both yellow and red puncta indicates a functional autophagic flux process. Here we 8 / 20 GIPC Regulates Autophagy and Exosome Biogenesis have used both AsPC-1 and PANC-1 cell lines stably expressing mCherry-EGFPLC3B to show the increase in both yellow and red puncta upon GIPC knockdown which also indicated an increase in autophagic flux. These findings suggested that GIPC knockdown induces the formation of autophagosomes in pancreatic cancer cells. We further investigated the effect of two autophagy-related genes, Atg7 and Beclin1, on GIPC-mediated autophagic regulation. To assess the interaction of Atg7 and Beclin1, we reduced the level of Atg7 and Beclin1 by RNA interference in both PANC-1 and AsPC-1 cells. As shown in GIPC mediates autophagy through metabolic stress pathways Glut1 is associated with glucose uptake in cancer cells and GIPC is known to stabilize Glut1 in the cell membrane as a PDZ domain-containing interaction partner. In this regard, we examined whether knocking down GIPC in pancreatic cancer cells would destabilize Glut1 and disrupt glucose uptake into these cells. As expected, we found a significant decrease in Glut1 expression in both mRNA and protein level upon GIPC knockdown in AsPC-1 and PANC-1 cells. Furthermore, we found that the relative glucose uptake for AsPC-1 and PANC-1 cells was significantly reduced in the absence of GIPC, compared to that of control cells. To determine whether intracellular levels of glucose were also dependent upon the status of GIPC, we monitored the intracellular glucose level after GIPC knockdown in the same pancreatic cancer cell lines and found levels to be significantly reduced when compared to wild type cells. Importantly, under stress conditions, cellular AMP usually regulates the intracellular glucose level. AMP levels were elevated in glucose starvation, which, in turn, further activated the kinase activity of AMPK-a through phosphorylation. To investigate this mechanism in pancreatic cancer cell lines, we examined the AMPK-a status by immunoblot in
