s M1 markers. Ly6C+Gr1- and Ly6C-Gr1- cells PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19722522 were sorted from cultured M-, T- and R-OCPs from 3-month-old C57Bl6 mice, as in Fig 2A. 
Total RNA was extracted from these sorted cells and mRNA expression levels of the M1 macrophage genes, TNF-, iNOS, IL-1 and TGF1 as well as the M2 macrophage marker genes, PPAR- and IL-10, were tested by real-time PCR, normalized to -actin. The data are representative of two independent experiments. p < 0.05, p < 0.01. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0135728.g003 significantly different, confirming that Ly6C+Gr1- cells generally have a M1 profile. Ly6C+Gr1- cells from T-OCPs expressed higher iNOS, IL-1 and TGF1, but significantly lower IL-10 and PPAR- levels than those from M-OCPs. Of note, expression levels of iNOS and TGF1 were also increased, while IL-10 and PPAR- levels were decreased in Ly6C-Gr1- cells from T-OCPs compared to M-OCPs cells, providing further support 8 / 20 TNF Induced Osteoclast Formation that Ly6C-Gr1- cells from T-OCPs have a M1 phenotype. The expression level of iNOS in Ly6C+Gr1- cells from T-OCPs was 2-fold higher than in PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19724269 Ly6C+Gr1- cells from M-OCPs, but it was 6-fold higher in Ly6C-Gr1- cells from T-OCPs than in Ly6C-Gr1- cells from M-OCPs probably because the Ly6C-Gr1- cells from T-OCPs had also AVE-8062 biological activity switched to CD11c+ M1 cells. TNF induction of RelB promotes the differentiation of Ly6C+Gr1- and Ly6C-Gr1-CD11c+ macrophages RelB is a member of the NF-B family of transcription factors. OC numbers are normal in the bones of RelB-/- mice, but bone marrow OCPs from RelB-/- mice form fewer OCs than WT OCPs in vitro in response to RANKL. To investigate the role of RelB in TNFinduced OC formation, we first tested RelB protein expression levels in M-, T- and R-OCPs from WT mouse BM cells, generated as in Fig 1B. We then used regular OC-inducing culture medium containing M-CSF and treated the cells with PBS, TNF, RANKL or a combination of TNF and RANKL for an additional 8 or 48 hr. In M- and R-OCPs, RelB protein levels in RANKL-treated cells were similar to or lower than PBS-treated cells, while in contrast, TNF- and TNF+RANKL-treated cells had significantly higher RelB protein levels at both time-points. After 8 hr treatment, the basal RelB protein level in T-OCPs was significantly higher than in M- and R-OCPs, while RANKL reduced and TNF increased it slightly. At 48 hr, RelB protein levels remained low in PBS- and RANKL-treated M- and R-OCPs, while in T-OCPs they dropped to those of M- and R-OCPs and remained high in both TNF- and RANKL+TNF-treated OCPs. Increased protein levels can result from increased synthesis and/or decreased degradation. In general, both TNF and RANKL increased RelB mRNA expression. Compared to PBS, RANKL and TNF increased RelB mRNA expression in M-OCPs by 4.5- and 7.5-fold, respectively, after 4 hr of treatment, and these remained high at 24 hr. At 48 hr when mature OCs have begun to form, TNF or TNF+RANKL induced 3-fold higher RelB mRNA levels than PBS-treated M-OCPs, but RANKL did not change RelB levels at this time-point. Furthermore, in T- and R-OCPs treated with TNF or RANKL or both in combination RelB mRNA levels were still significantly increased when OCs had formed. In contrast to the generally increased RelB mRNA, RelB protein levels in RANKL-treated OCPs or mature OCs was lower than or similar to PBS-treated cells. In many cases, RelB protein levels in RANKL+TNF-treated M-OCPs were slightly lower than in cells treated with TNF alone, suggesting that RANKL may also in
